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| settlement_type = Autonomous region | translit_lang1 = Name | translit_lang1_type = Chinese | translit_lang1_info = | translit_lang1_type1 = Abbreviation | translit_lang1_info1 = 新( Xīn) | translit_lang1_type2 = Uyghur | translit_lang1_info2 = | translit_lang1_type3 = Uyghur transl. | translit_lang1_info3 = | image_map = Xinjiang in China (de-facto).svg | mapsize = 275px | map_alt = Map showing the location of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region | map_caption = | latd = 41 | latm = | lats = | latNS = N | longd = 85 | longm = | longs = | longEW = E | coordinates_type = type:adm1st_region:CN_dim:2000000 | coordinates_display = inline,title | coordinates_format = dms | named_for = | seat_type = Capital | seat = Ürümqi | seat1_type = Largest city | seat1 = Ürümqi | parts_type = Divisions | parts_style = para | parts = | p1 = 14 prefectures | p2 = 99 counties | p3 = 1005 townships | leader_title = Secretary | leader_name = Zhang Chunxian | leader_title1 = Chairman | leader_name1 = Shohrat Zakir | area_footnotes = 〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zt_business/lanmub/ )〕 | area_total_km2 = 1664900 | area_rank = 1st | population_footnotes = | population_total = 21,815,815 | population_as_of = 2010 | population_rank = 25th | population_density_km2 = 13 | population_density_rank = 29th | demographics_type1 = Demographics | demographics1_footnotes = | demographics1_title1 = Ethnic composition | demographics1_info1 = | demographics1_title2 = | demographics1_info2 = | iso_code = CN-65 | blank_name_sec1 = GDP (2014) | blank_info_sec1 = CNY 926.4 billion US$ 150.8 billion (25th) | blank1_name_sec1 = - per capita | blank1_info_sec1 = CNY 40,607 US$ 6,611 (16th) | blank_name_sec2 = HDI (2010) | blank_info_sec2 = 0.667 (medium) (22nd) | website = (Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region ) | footnotes = }} |lang2 = Kyrgyz |lang2_content = |lang3 = Oirat |lang3_content = Zuungar |order=st }} Xinjiang (; ; ), officially the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region,〔Xinjang Uyĝur Aptonom Rayoni in SASM/GNC romanization〕 is an autonomous region of China in the northwest of the country. It is the largest Chinese administrative division, the 8th largest country subdivision in the world, spanning over 1.6 million km2 and the most populous amongst the ten largest national subdivisions. It contains the disputed territory of Aksai Chin administered by China. Xinjiang contains China's smaller border with Russia (which is 40 km/24 mi long; the remainder of the China-Russia border is 3,605 km/2,240 mi long, and is taken up by the Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang provinces). Its other international borders are with Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. The extremely rugged Karakoram, Kunlun, and Tian Shan mountain ranges occupy much of Xinjiang's borders, as well as its western and southern regions. This makes road and rail transportation with many bordering countries quite difficult. However, this isolation has contributed to the area's unique culture and history for millennia. Xinjiang is also bordered, to the south, by Tibet, easily its longest border, when including the Eastern Tibetan disputed territories. The most well-known route of the historical Silk Road ran through the territory from the east to its northwestern border. In recent decades, abundant oil and mineral reserves have been found in Xinjiang, and it is currently China's largest natural gas-producing region. It is home to a number of ethnic groups including the Uyghur, Han, Kazakhs, Tajiks, Hui, Kyrgyz, and Mongols.〔(BBC Regions and territories: Xinjiang )〕 More than a dozen autonomous prefectures and counties for minorities are in Xinjiang. Older English-language reference works often refer to the area as "Chinese Turkestan". Xinjiang is divided into the Dzungarian Basin in the north and the Tarim Basin in the south by a mountain range. Only about 4.3% of Xinjiang's land area is fit for human habitation.〔(Xinjiang Sees Annual Population Growth of 340,000 )〕 With a documented history of at least 2,500 years, a succession of peoples and empires has vied for control over all or parts of this territory. The territory came under the rule of the Qing dynasty in the 18th century, which was later replaced by the Republic of China government. Since 1949, it has been part of the People's Republic of China following the Chinese Civil War. == Names == Under the Han dynasty, which drove the Xiongnu empire out of the region in 60 BC, Xinjiang was previously known as Xiyu (西域) or Qurighar, meaning "Western Region". This was in an effort to secure the profitable routes of the Silk Road. Dzungaria was known as Zhunbu (準部, "Dzungar region") and the Tarim Basin was known as Huijiang (回疆, "Muslim Frontier") during the Qing dynasty before both regions were merged and became the province of Xinjiang, which literally means "New Frontier" or "New Border," in the 1880s. According to the Chinese statesman Zuo Zongtang's report to the Emperor of Qing, Xinjiang means "An old frontier which returns recently". The general region of Xinjiang has been known by many names in earlier times including "Western Regions",〔Hill (2009), pp. xviii, 60.〕 Khotan, Khotay, Chinese Tartary, High Tartary, East Chagatay, Mugholistan, Kashgaria, Altishahr ('the six cities' of the Tarim), Little Bokhara and Serindia.〔Tyler (2003), p. 3.〕 The name "Xinjiang", which literally means "New Frontier," was given during the Qing dynasty. Present-day Jinchuan County was known as "Jinchuan ''Xinjiang''", etc. After 1821, the Qing changed the names of the other regained regions, and "Xinjiang" became the name specifically of present-day Xinjiang. The name "East Turkestan" was created by Russian Sinologist Hyacinth to replace the term "Chinese Turkestan" in 1829.〔(It should be noted that Bartholemew, the Scottish cartographers, as late as 1912, were using the term "Chinese Turkestan" in their world atlas. id=NKCU3BdeBbEC&pg=PA34&dq=Turkestan'+and+'East+Turkestan'.+In+1829,+the+Russian+sinologist+N.+Bichurin+stated:+'it+would+be+better+here+to+call+Bukhara's+Turkestan+the+Western+one,+and+Chinese+Turkestan+the+Eastern+%5B+.+...+ (+1+829,+12).+Nevertheless,+the+name+'East+Turkestan'+acquired+a+wide+usage+in+academic+literature+only+in+the+second+half+of+the+twentieth+century.&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3IdYU9jWC4PMsQSj7ICYCg&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Turkestan'%20and%20'East%20Turkestan'.%20In%201829%2C%20the%20Russian%20sinologist%20N.%20Bichurin%20stated%3A%20'it%20would%20be%20better%20here%20to%20call%20Bukhara's%20Turkestan%20the%20Western%20one%2C%20and%20Chinese%20Turkestan%20the%20Eastern%20%5B%20.%20...%20(%201%20829%2C%2012).%20Nevertheless%2C%20the%20name%20'East%20Turkestan'%20acquired%20a%20wide%20usage%20in%20academic%20literature%20only%20in%20the%20second%20half%20of%20the%20twentieth%20century.&f=false Bellér-Hann 2007, p. 34. )〕 "East Turkestan" was used traditionally to only refer to the Tarim Basin, and not Xinjiang as a whole, with Dzungaria being excluded from the area consisting of "East Turkestan". In 1955, Xinjiang province was renamed Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. The name that was originally proposed was simply "Xinjiang Autonomous Region". Saifuddin Azizi, the first chairman of Xinjiang, registered his strong objections to the proposed name with Mao Zedong, arguing that "autonomy is not given to mountains and rivers. It is given to particular nationalities." Mao agreed and the administrative region was named "Xinjiang ''Uyghur'' Autonomous Region" to recognize its significant ethnic Uyghur population. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Xinjiang」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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